Experiencing U.S. Expansion: Southern Arizona

1. What were the two broad groupings of Native Americans in southern Arizona when the Spanish arrived?

Broad Group 1   Name for Self:  O’odham     Spanish Name(s): Pima; Papago

Broad Group 2   Name for self: Nnee              Spanish Name(s): Apache

2. How did the O’odham show their unwillingness to fully embrace the Spanish missions?
They would make up elaborate stories about people who were sick and needed to go to confession, or something of that sort, and tell them to the fathers (the missionaries). That way the fathers would leave the villages for a while and the O’odham would be able to do their dances and religious customs without the fathers inhibiting their rituals. 

3. Why did Apache groups raid Spanish settlements?
Apache groups were very small and diverse, therefore they hadn't had much contact with the Spanish, thus they didn't get any of their goods, livestock, etc. So, the Apache, who didn't view animals as property, began to raid Spanish settlements when they were in need of livestock, supplies, or food. The Apaches didn't originally look at it as stealing, until the Spanish had violent responses to the raids. 

4. What was the cycle of violence?
The cycle of violence began with the Apache raids. Although the Apache didn't intend for it to have violent results, it triggered a cycle. When the Apache raided the Spanish Settlements, the Spanish became angry and therefore called upon the O’odham to fight against the Apache. Warfare, according to the customs of both the O’odham and the Apache, is normally begun when an act is committed against them, like a murder in the group; when something like that occurs, the victimized group will retaliate by either capturing one captive or killing one from the opposing group, and then the dispute is over. But, when the O’odham attacked the Apache, the Apache of course would retaliate. Then the O’odham would retaliate, and so on. If captives were taken by the Apache or the O’odham, they would usually ended up being traded in to the Spanish for the group's (the one that is trading them in) members that were previously captives. So it was just an endless cycle of violence. 

5. How did Spanish and Apache views of the peace created by the establicimientos de paz differ? 
The Spanish viewed the peace created by the establicimientos de paz as a golden era; a time when Spanish settlement could expand because of the peace between them and Apaches, and their manpower was strong. The Apache viewed the peace created by the establicimientos de paz as an obligation between local bands and communities that resulted in the Apache gaining rations of supplies from the Spanish in exchange for giving the Spanish military support against hostile Apaches not in the establicimientos de paz.