6. What two threats did Mexico face in its northern frontier in the mid-nineteenth century?
a. The threat of the Apache, because the temporary period of peace between them and New Spain ended once New Spain's government became unstable.
b. The threat of the eager United States settlers, who were anxious for more land and southern Arizona's rich resources.
7. Why did the Gadsden Purchase have such a great impact on northern Mexicans?
The Gadsden Purchase had such a great impact on northern Mexicans because they did not consent to the purchase, and now their land and cities were in the territory of the United States. They viewed the event as a betrayal by their Mexican government.
8. List two ways that cultural misunderstanding contributed to a growing conflict between U.S. settlers and Apache groups.
a. People from the U.S. couldn't distinguish between the Apache and other Indian tribes, let alone the sub-tribes of the Apache. So, they often attacked the wrong group of Indians, or couldn't tell which tribe they had made peace treaties with.
b. When peace treaties were made, the U.S. thought they applied to multiple groups of Indians, not just one small group, while the Apache knew it applied only to that smaller tribe. Therefore, the U.S. thought the Apache had betrayed them when groups of Apache went against there peace treaty, because they didn't know those groups weren't included in the agreement.
9. How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase spark a civil war in...
a. Mexico? Many Mexican people felt the huge loss of lands through both the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase was a big blow against Mexican economy, society, etc. Therefore reformers overthrew their government with Santa Ana, considering it incompetent, and installed a new one despite protests from people who were against change.
b. the United States? The gain of land through these treaties caused more dispute between the north and south over which states would be entered as free states and slave states. This ongoing argument was sparked by the sudden amount of territories, and the Civil War in the United States began.
10. a. What did many U.S. settlers want U.S. policy towards the Apache to be?
Many U.S. settlers wanted the extermination of the Apache. It was a common belief that the only solution was a violent response.
b. In what ways did this clash with the federal government’s Peace Policy?
Well the Peace Policy didn't have to do with violence at first, as long as the Apache and other Indian tribes cooperated. Considering many U.S. settlers wanted the Apache completely gone, just moving them into designated areas was not the most appealing answer to many. So as time progressed, and the Apache didn't immediately cooperate, violence became more prominent.
11. Why were the Apache hesitant to move onto reservations?
The Apache were hesitant to move onto reservations for many reasons. The U.S. had used peace as a way to trick and slaughter Apache in the past, so that was one very obvious reason. The story of Navajo groups in a war involving reservations was also recalled. Lastly, some Apache migrated annually, and being moved permanently onto a reservation was conflicting to their traditions.
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